Visiting scientists from the University of Virginia have used the facilities of the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) to observe their chemistry in action. By firing high-intensity X-rays into a sample in a process known as X-ray crystallography, CHESS scientists took a series of snapshots of a material as it crystallized, showing how changes in the formula affect the process of crystal growth.
“To be really technologically relevant,” said Joshua Choi, M.Eng. ’07, M.S. ’10, Ph.D. ’12, assistant professor of chemical engineering at the University of Virginia, “we need to be able to scale up this process while maintaining or even improving the efficiency of the solar cell. To do that, we need to understand how this material crystallizes and grows from solution into a thin film.”
A long-range goal, he added, is to be able to move the process from the laboratory to commercial manufacturing.
Choi brought his experiments to Ithaca in collaboration with Paulette Clancy, the Samuel W. and M. Diane Bodman Professor in Chemical Engineering; Blaire Sorenson, a master’s student in Clancy’s research group; and Detlef Smilgies, senior research associate at the Wilson Synchrotron Lab.
Choi works with a new class of materials called “metal halide perovskites,” or MHPs, compounds of lead with chlorine, bromine or iodine, which have aroused recent interest. The performance of recently crafted MHP solar cells rivals conventional silicon solar cells. Dissolved in an organic liquid, MHP materials can be sprayed as a thin film on a glass or silicon substrate, offering an inexpensive way to make large solar collectors. The film also can be deposited on flexible, lightweight materials, making it possible to produce rolls of thin solar cell material that could be applied to houses, cars or wearables.
As the film sprayed on a surface dries, the material crystallizes into an orderly crystal lattice of interconnected atoms. How the crystal is structured can make a big difference in performance, and engineers have found that the choice of solvent or adding some additional reagents can change the structure.
In a series of experiments with several different formulations, CHESS researchers placed newly coated cells in the path of a beam of high-energy X-rays. X-rays passing through a grid of atoms will emerge in a pattern from which the structure of the crystal lattice can be determined. (Ordinary light can’t do this, because its wavelength is longer than the dimensions of atoms so it passes them by without interacting. X-rays have a vastly shorter wavelength.)
A series of snapshots taken every few seconds while the films were drying showed how the crystals formed. The tests showed that using a solvent called tetrahydrothiophene oxide led to more uniform crystal growth and enabled the experimenters to control the orientation of the crystal, which has a major effect on the voltage the cell produces. “These findings” Choi said, “highlight the importance of understanding and controlling the MHP thin film formation processes to rationally improve the performance of solar cells.”
Choi, with University of Virginia doctoral student Justin Girard and undergraduate researcher Benjamin Foley, will present the findings at the 66th meeting of the American Crystallographic Association, July 22-26 in Denver. Choi’s group also collaborated with scientists at Wake Forest University and the University of Pittsburgh on a paper, “Controlling Nucleation, Growth, and Orientation of the Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films with Rationally Selected Additives,” released in the online edition of the Journal Materials Chemistry A.
CHESS is – almost literally – a “spinoff” of the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), a synchrotron buried under Upper Alumni Field where electrons circling in a ring a half mile in circumference are accelerated to high energies for experiments in particle physics. When electrons change direction, as in following a curve, they give off some of their energy as X-rays, so-called “synchrotron radiation,” which CHESS taps at 11 experimental stations around the ring. In addition to doing crystallography, the facility has produced incredibly detailed X-ray images of insects and microorganisms, sometimes observing biochemical processes in progress.
It is one of only two high-energy synchrotron sources in the U.S. (the other is the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory) and one of only five in the world. In the last fiscal year, 1,071 visiting researchers conducted 3,243 unique experiments. A significant effort of the staff is aimed at developing synchrotron radiation experimental facilities and methods.
CHESS is supported by grants from the Division of Materials Research of the National Science Foundation. Choi’s research is funded by NASA and the U.S. Department of Energy.